Genetic diversity within two Tunisian wild jirds: Meriones shawi and Meriones libycus (Rodentia,Gerbillinae)

Three Meriones species inhabit Tunisia, namely M. shawi, M. libycus and M. crassus, but little genetic data exist on these gerbils. We collected Meriones from eight localities in Tunisia, and obtained mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and nuclear (IRBP) gene sequence data for 37 and 13 specimens, respectively, belonging to two species: M. shawi and M. libycus. We also optimised three microsatellite markers previously described in M. unguiculatus to obtain a finer analysis of their genetic diversity and geographic structure, given their wide distribution. Phylogenetic inferences of cyt b and IRBP data for these species, in the context of other gerbillin data, corroborate their taxonomic affinities reported by previous studies. High cyt b haplotype diversity was observed in both species (25 haplotypes in 29 and 27 sequences for M. shawi and M. libycus, respectively) with little geographical structure for M. shawi but three divergent groups in M. libycus. The average microsatellite diversity within each population was high (H_O ≥ 0.6, H_E ≥ 0.8) with M. libycus populations attaining the highest values. Population differentiation was moderate for several population pairs (F_st ≥ 0.1), the highest being between M. shawi populations. However, genetic distance among populations was not significantly correlated with geographic distance in either M. shawi or M. libycus. Our results contribute to a better characterisation of Tunisian Meriones species, suggesting high geographic structure in mtDNA of M. libycus populations within North Africa.     

大栏养猪微生物发酵床垫料中青霉菌的分离与鉴定

为了解大栏养猪微生物发酵床垫料中青霉菌的种类情况,筛选有益青霉菌用于指导管理生猪健康生长。本研究从福建省福州市福清和永泰2个基地共采集了106份垫料样品,分离其中的青霉菌。对不同样品中分离到菌株根据菌落形态初步归类后,从不同菌落类群中选出代表性的3个菌株,采用菌落形态与菌体形态特征,结合β-微管蛋白基因(BenA)序列分析进行鉴定。结果表明,这3株青霉菌中2株为橘青霉菌Penicillium citrinum,1株为爪哇正青霉菌Eupenicillium javanicum。     

Studies on Thysanura. II. Orientation Reactions of Machiloides Delanyi Wygodzinsky and Ctenolepisma Longicaudata Escherich to Temperature,Light and Atmospheric Humidity

Notes on the behaviour of six species of sparid fish, all rock reef dwelling, and forming an important section of the inshore line fish industry in the southern Cape, are given. It is shown that these fishes, although closely related, show very different feeding patterns. Notes on the breeding of Spondyliosoma emarginatum are given, and the male behaviour in nature is shown to differ from that observed in an aquarium.     

Yellow-bellied or white-bellied? Identity of Arabian house bats (Vespertilionidae: Scotophilus) revealed from mitochondrial DNA and morphology

The yellow-bellied Scotophilus dinganii is the only African house bat species reported to occur in the Arabian Peninsula. Formerly, the Arabian house bats were referred to similar-looking white-bellied S. leucogaster, which differs from S. dinganii mainly by the colour of ventral pelage. We reassessed the taxonomic status of house bats from southwestern Yemen using genetic and morphological analyses. The Yemeni specimens clustered within two distantly related mitochondrial lineages of African Scotophilus: East African S. aff. dinganii, which is a paraphyletic group to S. dinganii s.str. from South Africa, andWest African S. leucogaster. This taxonomic assignation was based on published sequences of reference museum specimens. Differences in external and cranial measurements also indicated the presence of two distinct taxa in Yemen. The Yemeni and comparative Ethiopian populations of S. aff. dinganii showed close morphological similarity to the type specimen of S. nigrita colias from Kenya. Because the Yemeni and Ethiopian yellow-bellied house bats cannot be synonymized with S. dinganii, the designation S. colias is tentatively suggested for this particular East African and Yemeni lineage of the S. dinganii complex. However, final correspondence of this name with the respective populations or applicability of some of other available names must yet be explored. Based on environmental differences of the Yemeni localities of origin, S. colias appears to be ecologically delimited to mountainous habitats, while S. leucogaster to harsh lowland deserts. This is consistent with known habitats of African populations of both species.     

Gonadesiklus van die kroonkiewiet Vanellus coronatus op enkele binnelandse lughawens

Gonadal cycle of the crowned plover Vanellus coronatus at two inland airports. The gonadal cycle of 474 crowned plovers Vanellus coronatus collected from two inland airports during 1986/87 was investigated. Judged by the ovarian mass and the diameter of the largest visible follicle, a prominent activity peak occurs in the ovarian cycle of females during early summer. Judged by the mass, volume, histological development stages and diameter jof the seminiferous tubules of the testes, a corresponding but longer activity peak also occurs among males. Although the testes of immature males are generally smaller than those of adults, some individuals are potentially capable of reproduction within their first year of life. Evidently the breeding cycle of the crowned plover is influenced to a greater extent by the relative availability of food than by environmental factors such as day length, temperature or rainfall.     

黄瓜新炭疽病原的鉴定及生物学特性初探

明确引起黄瓜炭疽病的病原,旨在为该病的有效防治提供理论依据。通过形态学方法、柯赫氏法则验证,基于ITS、ACT和GDPH序列分析鉴定病原菌,并对该菌的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,该菌回接黄瓜后的症状与田间症状一致。在PDA培养基上菌落为黑色,气生菌丝稀疏、灰白色;分生孢子长柱形,透明无隔;分生孢子盘着生黑色刚毛;孢子附着胞浅褐色,卵圆形,个别双生;菌丝附着胞深褐色,不规则形、浅裂或深裂。结合病原菌三基因联合建树的分析结果,可将其鉴定为Colletotrichum brevisporum。最适菌丝生长和产孢的温度25℃、pH 8,在PDA培养基上菌丝延伸最快,OA培养基上产孢最多,碳源中葡萄糖利于菌丝生长,可溶性淀粉和乳糖利于产孢,氮源中蛋白胨和酵母浸粉最适合菌丝生长,且后者产孢最多,致死温度为49℃。     

等位基因频率资料的分支分类方法

等位基因频率资料是群体遗传学的重要资料,也是进化生物学的重要资料。本文讨论了利用此类资料重构生物类群系统发育的分支分类方法。常用的分支分类方法为检约性方法和统计分五分类方法。俭约性方法中主要分为三类：数据转换方法、距离叠加树方法和频率空间重建系统发育的方法。同时对不同方法的特点和不足作了讨论。     

犁鼻器的结构和功能

大多数陆生脊椎动物的鼻腔都有两套化学感受器,即嗅器和犁鼻器。犁鼻器(vomeronasal organ)是临近犁鼻骨的一对盲囊,被覆发达的犁鼻上皮。嗅器主要接受挥发性的小分子物质;犁鼻器主要感受非挥发性的大分子化学物质,如信息素等。犁鼻器在脊椎动物的演化过程中差异明显。鱼类、鳄鱼、鸟类及大多数的蝙蝠和海洋哺乳动物均无犁鼻器;两栖类开始出现犁鼻器;有鳞类和啮齿类的犁鼻器非常发达,且成为一个独立器官。目前,犁鼻器的功能是对陆生环境的特异适应还是对水生环境的适应,仍存在争议。犁鼻器的发生及其功能的研究对于探讨脊椎动物由水生到陆生过程中嗅觉系统的适应进化意义重大。     

棕黑疣螈种组分子系统发育分析及大围山疣螈新种描述

采用贝叶斯法对棕黑疣螈种组13个个体的线粒体DNA ND2基因重建了系统发育关系,结果表明,（1）该种组物种形成1个单系群;（2）红瘰疣螈不是棕黑疣螈的同物异名,支持红瘰疣螈物种地位的有效性;（3）采自云南省红河州屏边县大围山的2个标本与红瘰疣螈亲缘关系较近,并构成姐妹群,其种间遗传距离已达到种级水平。其地理居群物种为一未描述新种,定名为大围山疣螈。新种的主要鉴别特征为,前肢长于后肢或后肢略长;头部和前后臂为棕黑色,颞部和指、趾端为棕黄色。     

一种新油茶炭疽病原多基因序列鉴定

从湖南、广西油茶叶上分离获得5株能侵染油茶树的病原菌。通过柯赫氏法则证明该病原菌为油茶炭疽病的致病菌。病菌菌落圆形,初期为白色,逐渐变为浅灰色;气生菌丝由白色和灰白色渐变为深灰色绒状;菌落背面中心颜色深,外部颜色浅;菌丝划伤后在PDA培养基上能产生橘黄色的分生孢子堆,分生孢子为单胞、直、圆柱状、无色、光滑、两头钝圆或一端稍尖,分生孢子大小(11~15)μm×(4~5)μm;菌丝体附着胞不规则状,浅褐色,(8~12)μm×(5.5~7)μm。采用形态学结合多基因(核糖体内转录间隔区(ITS)、钙调蛋白-CAL、3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶-GAPDH)系统学的方法对它们进行鉴定,结果发现,5个菌株均为暹罗刺盘孢(Colletotrichum siamense)。这是国内油茶上C.siamense的首次报道。